John S. Torday, MSc, PhD received his B.A. in Biology/English from Boston University (1968); MSc (1971) in Investigative Medicine, and PhD (1974) in Experimental Medicine from McGill University; Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Reproductive Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1976). He has held Faculty positions in the Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, Harvard Medical School (1976-91); the Departments of Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland Medical School (1991-98); the Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Evolutionary Medicine, the University of California- Los Angeles (1991- present). He is a member of numerous scientific societies, and is a Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts (2018- present).William B. Miller Jr, M.D. attended an Honors Program in Northwestern University, graduating with a B.S. in Medicine (1973) and a Doctor of Medicine (1975). He is a member of Alpha Omega Alpha, a medical honorsociety. Dr. Miller was on the faculty of Pennsylvania State University in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology as an Asst. Clinical Professor of Diagnostic Radiology for 10 years and was in the private practice of Diagnostic Radiology for over 30 years. It was during that period that several clinical observations spurred his interest in genetics, evolutionary biology and the microbiome, leading to the publication of The Microcosm Within, Evolution and Extinction in the Hologenome in 2013. This led to his fortuitous collaboration with Dr. Torday and a series of nearly two dozen articles on evolutionary biology and the influence of the microbiome on biological development.