Glenn S. Levine is Professor of German at the University of California, Irvine. His research focuses on language learning of migrants in Europe, the role of the L1 in L2 learning and teaching, language use during study abroad, and theoretically and empirically informed approaches to language pedagogy and program direction. David Mallows is an Associate Professor in the Centre for Applied Linguistics at the UCL Institute of Education in London where he is the programme leader for the MA TESOL Pre-service. He has directed national and transnational research projects in adult literacy, language and numeracy, drawing on qualitative and quantitative methods, covering the workplace, teacher education, family literacy, language support and assessment.